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The Egyptian ''Book of the Dead of Qenna'' (Leemans T2, Rijksmuseum, Leiden, Netherlands) is a papyrus document housed at the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden.〔(), Rijksmuseum van Oudheden homepage. Search "dodenboek" in Collectie → Collectiezoeker to obtain sample images.〕 One of several thousand papyri containing material drawn from ''Book of the Dead'' funerary texts, Qenna uniquely〔van Dijk 1995, p. 7〕 includes a passage that describes a deceased person’s activity in an afterlife location it calls the “house of hearts.”〔van Dijk 1995, p. 8〕 While the house of hearts is mentioned in at least two tomb inscriptions,〔van Dijk 1995, p. 8〕 Qenna treats it in more detail. The passage appears as an addendum within Spell 151 of the ''Book of the Dead'': "You will enter the house of hearts, the place which is full of hearts. You will take the one that is yours and put it in its place, without your hand being hindered. Your foot will not be stopped from walking. You will not walk upside down. You will walk upright."〔van Dijk 1995, p. 8. Verbatim, except to render Egyptian ''xtxt'' in author's accompanying hieroglyphic transcript, his “prevented” is replaced by “stopped”)〕 In the typical presentation, Spell 151 centers on care of the mummy and its accessories by Anubis and other gods, especially the four sons of Horus.〔Kemp 2007, p. 66〕 The format is to have each god or entity involved say something which is quoted by columns of hieroglyphic text next to a small illustration of that entity. Anubis himself does not speak,〔Von Dassow 1998, plate 33〕 but is shown standing over the mummy, which lies on a bier.〔Von Dassow 1998, plate 33〕〔Taylor 2001, p. 197〕 Canopic jars containing the decedent’s viscera are underneath the bier. The goddess Isis, four gods known as the sons of Horus, and the ''ba'' (a "personality,"〔'Taylor 2001, p. 20〕 or, literally, "what is immanent"〔Smith 2009, p. 3〕 of the deceased are among those with speaking parts in this spell.〔Von Dassow 1998, plate 33〕 The importance of the decedent’s heart is shown by the custom of leaving it in situ during the embalming process.〔Taylor 2001, p. 54〕 Evidence of the need to protect internal organs from harm even after removal is abundant in the use of canopic jars to preserve them.〔Taylor 2001, pp. 65-66〕 The heart, not placed in a jar, benefited from its own magical utterances, for example where ''Book of the Dead'' Spell 27 says, :"Hail to you, lords of eternal repetition, founders of eternal sameness! Don’t take my heart from me."〔Allen 2010, Answer to Exercise 16.33, p. 485〕 A role for Isis in the proceedings is attested in the Coffin Texts at Spell 148: :“Oh!” says Atum (to Isis). “Guard your heart, O woman!”〔Faulkner 1968, p 40〕 This quote, which relates to her pregnancy with Horus, holds uncertain relevance to the House of Hearts issue. Isis speaks in Spell 151, however. She is the guardian of Imseti, who in turn guards the canopic jar containing the liver. As well Isis is a member of the Heliopolitan cosmology's Ennead, a system of gods often extended to include Horus.〔Bunson 2009, p. 132.〕 ''Book of the Dead'' Spell 30A appears to connect the heart with afterlife judgments, imploring: :"My heart of my mother, my heart of my mother, my heart of my earthly being! Do not stand against me as witness." 〔Irmtraut Munro in University College, London. 2002. Digital Egypt for Universities, Book of the Dead. (). http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/literature/religious/bdbynumber.html〕 The panel of gods evaluating the deceased appear in Spell 125. By the time of Qenna, the 18th Dynasty Theban redaction of the creation and mortuary had taken place,〔Bunson 2009, p. 89.〕 resulting in the ''Book of the Dead'' itself, selections of which were copied onto papyrus and included in burial equipment.〔Kemp 2007, pp. 4, 16.〕 Yet this material derives from the earlier Coffin Texts already having demonstrated an intimate trio of heart, mother, and ba: :"Geb has opened your eyes for you, which were blind; he has stretched out your thighs, which were bent. The heart of your mother has been given to you, your heart of your body. Your ba is in the earth; your corpse is in the ground." CT I, 55f-56d.〔Zabkar 1968, p. 110.〕 Geb is another member of the Ennead. Thebes of course emphasized its powerful state god Amun, soon also in syncretic manifestation as Amun-Re.〔Shaw 2000, pp. 122, 209-210, 266-267.〕 It is notable that these gods remain segregated from the heart-related material above, having their own hymns within the ''Book of the Dead'' corpus. Indeed, the deceased's heart remains singular and crucial in mortuary to the end of Egyptian religion. Qenna, although it omits Spell 30A,〔University of Bonn. n.d. Däs Altägyptische Totenbuch, object record TM 134346 () http://totenbuch.awk.nrw.de/objekt/tm134346〕 sheds additional light on this process of belief. Reasons that the heart might need returning to the deceased, despite its having been left in the body during mummification, remain obscure. Considered a signal in this question is the “weighing of the heart” scene in ''Book of the Dead'' Spell 125 (also conducted by Anubis), which shows the heart ''outside'' the body,〔van Dijk 1995, pp. 9-10〕〔Kemp 2007, pp. 56-57〕 among other instances in funerary literature of acts or incantations to restore the heart and its function.〔Kemp 2007, p. 68〕〔Taylor 2001, pp. 200, 205-208〕 Qenna appears to date from the late 18th or early 19th Dynasty, based on the decedent’s soft, rounded abdomen and the clothing style, with simple pleated kilt in his pictorial representations in the papyrus.〔van Dijk 1995, pp. 10-11〕 == See also == * ''Book of the Dead'' * ''Book of the Dead of Amen-em-hat'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Book of the Dead of Qenna」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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